A Grammar of the Classical Arabic Language: Translated and Compiled from the Works of the Most Approved Native or Naturalized authorities 4758 pages (4 parts in 7 volumes i.e. 7 books ) by Mortimer Sloper Howell
All Thanks to ALLAH , Howell Arabic Grammar Scanning Project has been Completed Successfully on 29-April-2013 via the efforts of 1 anonymous volunteer ! The present work is the largest grammar ever written, of the classical Arabic language (in English). The work is not simply a reconstructed descriptive grammar by a European specialist, but is an exposition of some of the best grammatical works in Arabic by native authorities. Many unique features of Arabic have been scientifically and systematically analysed with examples drawn from classical authors. Each of the three main features of the language, viz. the nouns, the verbs and the particles have been discussed in lengthy chapters running into hundred of pages. Unlike, Wright’s grammar which can be used as a text book & reference book, Howell’s grammar should be used as a reference book to dive deep into a topic. You can say Wright’s Arabic Grammar is of optimum size, Howell’s is large while Fischer’s is compact, but the details in topics and proofs behind the rules covered by Howell are not even touched by Wright or Fischer or any other Arabic Grammar book in English. The book a bit complex for inexperienced users, but for experienced users it is a useful reference work. Main topics in 7 books mentioned below along with download links where available.
Howell Arabic Grammar Complete Set Online Folder (Download all 7 books in all available formats including 2013 HQ OCR and Snap Formats and Google & Microsoft Format)
https://skydrive.live.com/?cid=70F882FE8CA92D5E&id=70F882FE8CA92D5E%211242
Howell Arabic Grammar Google & Microsoft Scan on archive
http://archive.org/details/howellarabicgrammar
Howell Arabic Grammar 2013 Scan on Archive
http://archive.org/details/howellarabicgrammar2013
Book 1 download: google scan , 2013 OCR scan , 2013 Snap scan .
Book 1 (Volume 1 & Part 1) : The Introduction; The Parts and Figures of Speech; Part I: The Noun: I. The Noun in General; II. The Generic Noun; III. The Proper Name; IV. The Inflected Noun; Nominatives; The Accusatives; The Genitives; The Appositives.
vi+8+lx+xxvi+xliv+1-498+88A
Book 2 download: google scan , 2013 OCR scan , 2013 Snap scan .
Book 2 (Volume 2 & Part 1) : V. The Uninflected Noun; The Pronouns; The Demonstratives; The Conjuncts; The Verbal Nouns and …; The Uninflected Adverbs; The Compounds; The Uninflected Metonyms; VI. The Dual Noun.
viii+lii+499-861+87A-132A
Book 3 download: google scan , 2013 OCR scan , 2013 Snap scan .
Book3 (Volume 3 & Part 1) : VII. The Plural Noun; VIII. The Indeterminate Noun and The Determinate; IX. The Masculine Noun and The Feminine; X. The Diminutive Noun; XI. The Relative Noun.
vi+viii+li-cii+862-1422+131A-189A
Book 4 download: microsoft scan color , microsoft scan black and white , 2013 OCR scan , 2013 Snap scan .
Book 4 (Volume 4 & Part 1) : XII. The Numeral Noun; XIII. The Abbreviated and Prolonged Nouns; XIV. The Nouns Connected with Verbs; The Infinitive Noun; The Active Participle; The Passive Participle; The Assimilate Epithet; The Nouns of Time and Place; The Instrumental Noun; XV. The Triliteral Noun; XVI. The Quadriliteral Noun; XVII. The Quinqueliteral Noun.
viii+x+ciii-cxxxiv+1423-1813+189A-223A
Book 5 download: microsoft scan color , microsoft scan black and white , 2013 OCR scan , 2013 Snap scan .
Book 5 (Volume 5 & Part 2 + Part 3) : Part II: The Verb; I. The Verb in General; II. The Preterite; III. The Aorist; IV. The Imperative; V. The Transitive and Intransitive; VI. The Passive; VII. The Mental and Transmutative or Factitive Verbs; VIII. The Non-Attributive Verbs; IX. The Verbs of Appropinquation; X. The Verbs of Praise and Blame; XI. The Two Verbs of Wonder; XII. The Triliteral Verb; XIII. The Quadriliteral Verb; Part III: The Particle; I. The Particle in General; II. The Prepositions; III. The Particles Assimilated to the Verb; IV. The Conjunctions; V. The Negative Particles; VI. The Premonitory Particles; VII. The Vocative Particles; VIII. The Particles or Assent and Affirmation; IX. The Exceptive Particles; X. The Particles of Allocution; XI. The Connective or Redundant Particles; XII. The Expository Particles; XIII. The Infinitival Particles; XIV. The Excitative Particles; XV. The Particle of Approximation; XVI. The Particles of Futurity; XVII. The Interrogative Particles; XVIII. The Conditional Particles; XIX. The Causative Particle; XX. The Particle of Reprehension; XXI. The J s; XXII. The Quiescent of Feminization; XXIII. The Tanwin; XXIV. The Corroborative; XXV. The 8 of Silence; XXVI. The and of Pause; XXVII. The Particle of Disaproval; XXVIII. The Particle of Trying to Remember.
viii+xxix+1-735+30A
Book 6 download: microsoft color , microsoft black and white , 2013 OCR scan , 2013 Snap scan .
Book 6 (Volume 6 & Part 4.i) : Part IV: The Common Processes; I. Common Processes in General; II. Imala; III. Pause; IV. The Oath; V. The Alleviation of Hamza; VI. The Concurrence of Two Quiescents; VII. The Predicament of The Initials of Words; VIII. The Augmentativeness of Letters; IX. The Substitution of Letters; X. Transformation of the Unsound.
vi+vii+xxiii+cl+736-1662p.
Book 7 download: microsoft color , microsoft black and white , 2013 OCR scan , 2013 Snap scan .
Book 7 (Volume 7 & Part 4.ii) : XI. Incorporation; Appendix – Specimens of Parsing.
iv+1663-1850+xxviii+29A-181A+xxiii+cxxxvi+liv+9p.
To see just a preview of the details covered by Howell in all parts of speech, below screen shot discusses the words deenaar, and discusses how its pattern is fi”aal.
howell arabic grammar
Also below screen shot shows when and why in some words plural pattern fu’l is written as fi’l.
howell arabic grammar screenshot 2
Have you read in any Arabic Grammar Book in English necessary explanation of why sometimes miim is written above nuun like in below Qur’anic Ayat from Surah 10 (Surah 10: Ayat 12). See below and also see rule + explanation + reason given in Howell.
Qur’an Surah 10 Ayat 12
Acknowledgement :
May ALLAH Reward this person for the complete & excellent financial, physical and timely contribution towards this project. An anonymous volunteer who does not want to be named has found and shared book 1 and 3 pdfs of google format and the 2013 version has also been prepared by this anonymous volunteer.
He bought the complete set, bought a high quality scanner, unbinded the books and performed scanning for the books.
He prepared 2 formats :
OCR in which English can be searched and copied.
Snap in which text cannot be searched and copied.
Do you still need volume one? I can purchase it and send it to you for scanning.
Salaam!
So far no progress made, and I am still promoting the project. I thought after suggesting & financing scanning of blue highlighted works in 2012:
https://sites.google.com/site/asimiqbal2ndislamicdownloads/targetted-books some one will volunteer for this Howell Arabic Grammar atleast, which I am finding difficult to even get my hands on.
I need both book 1 and book 3 together but I don’t scan myself, but may buy a simple scanner if I can’t arrange scanning from some organization. contact me via email islamicstriver @ gmail.com to discuss further how you can contribute.
Following are main tasks:
Plan A:
1. Volunteer Finds and checks a good quality version of book 1 and book 3
2. Volunteer arranges high quality scanning for these.
Before this volunteer discusses with me in detail. I can contribute financially if required. Atleast cost of book can be provided by me and regarding scanning , depending on sample of scan and scanning cost per page, we can discuss how much i can contribute towards that.
Plan B : If even by 1 July no progress is made via Plan A, I will switch to Plan B insha’ALLAH! And that can only be disclosed at appropriate time.
I have an iPhone 5 (which had a pretty awesome camera) that I can use to scan pages. If have to tear the pages off the book for a perfect scan I don’t have any issue with purchasing it and scanning it. it would take some though. I’d say a month to get really into it. I can also use an app to convert to black and white for better viewing.
Wow. A lot of typos in my previous post. Sorry, it’s hard to type on this.
It would take some time though*
I’d have to tear the pages*
Salaam!
No problem, its the courage in the heart to go ahead with a new project and spend life and wealth i.e. physical effort, time and money, and intention behind that which matter most, don’t worry about typos in discussions like these.
Regarding scanning with iPhone 5 , very good idea, but:
1. Take snap on only 1 page per picture, don’t capture 2 pages in a picture. Also see dimensions of picture with 100% zoom, i.e. it should be same size as original book. Also page size should be reasonable and should not get blurred when we zoom.
2. Also during picture stage try to make the pictures as high quality as possible and better in color.
3. Also unbinding the books properly will make quality even better insha’ALLAH as without unbinding, a fold appears usually on the right side and left side depending on binding type.
4. Regarding timing, I suggest you order book 1 and book 3 and while you while you receive the 2 books, start practicing on some other book and read tutorials on scanning with iPhone 5.
5. 100 pages per week will be an average speed for 1 volunteer. How to divide it, if you have leave on Saturday and Sunday, you can do 30 pages each on Saturday and Sunday and 10 pages on 4 days and keep margin for personal commitment on 1 day. In this way insha’ALLAH in about 3 months pages scanning stage will be complete. You can adjust per day scanning as you like but 100 pages per week is a reasonable speed for 1 volunteer.
6. After having both book 1 and book 3 images ready, we can start converting to PDF preferably via a good pdf convertor in which after converting to pdf, the pages are such that no matter how much we zoom the text doesn’t get blurred.
7. After preparing our PDFs, we can send images to other popular Islamic Books Downloader sites to also attempt converting to PDF.
In case of any further clarification , feel free to email me.
Excellent. I’ll order the first one inshaAllah and get started. I’ll send you a sample set of the images when they arrive inshaAllah.
What email can I reach you at?
Salaam!
I would like book 3 first. But if you have already ordered book 1, we can start with that.
emails: islamicstriver@gmail.com OR asimiqbal2nd@live.com
I ordered both
I’ll start the image process and leave the conversion to you. Is that okay?
Salaam!
Yes your task is taking high quality images of pages and that is the main and most important part. Regarding converting to PDF, I will try to check some software or ask some other volunteer to convert insha’ALLAH! . Many PDF image conversion software are there.
The main thing is buying and scanning the book which is being done by you.
Regarding scanned pages, try to name them like this :
cover and pages before main numbered pages: i001
main numbered pages: p0001 (better to use numbering given on book e.g. book 3: p0862…p1422 etc.)
After main numbered pages: r001
In case of any further discussion feel free to email.
Salaam all!
Howell Arabic Grammar Scanning Project is back to propagation stage, I received following email from brother Reza yesterday
“و عليكم السلام
As of a couple of days ago, the printing company messaged me saying they don’t actually have the book. I’m going to see if I can order it from else where. :-/”
Brother Reza, can you share details and your participation possibility in this project further. Also paste their entire mail and correspondence here so that others can also be warned and if necessary I remove the American shop link from post also.
Indian Muslims be further alerted, note the importance of this book and comment here if you are willing to buy and scan book 1 and book 3. This is 1 book where Indian Muslims are best suited to participate, specially the ones in Delhi.
Waiting for more comments.
Salaam all!
I got clarification from Print Asia, they don’t sell separate books, they sell entire 7 book set together.
“Dear Asim,
Thank you for contacting Printsasia Customer Support.
We would like to inform you that the title ‘The Noun (Contd.)’ comes with 4 volumes in 7 parts. If you wish to purchase the whole set, then you have to use this ISBN: 8121200318
This title is available in our both the webstores which is: http://www.Printsasia.com and http://www.printsasia.co.uk
In case you need any help, please feel free to contact us at: web@printsasia.com
Thanks,
Jennifer Davis
Member-Customer Support
…”
Salam,
I just found this page and yes, I am already interested in this grammar book and have all the “incomplete set as well. Fortunately, I have a batch scanner with high resolution. I have already competed as a pilot project, scanning of a single thick volume of Irab-Al-Quran. I just ordered the complete set from printsasia.com. It appears that they take 4 days in actually shipping the order and then it takes another 7-9 days for the actually delivery. I am assuming 15 days.
I am intending to remove the binding and convert the books to stacks of pages. Then I will scan those in batches at 600 DPI and the whole process should be complete in 1-2 days. I hope that the book has good page and print quality.
Best Regards
Salaam!
JazakALLAH Khayr
Book 1 and book 3 have to be scanned.
1. Yes removing binding can produce much better results.
2. 600 DPI is very good quality Masha’ALLAH!
3. Also try to have it scanned such that no matter how much we zoom the text doesn’t get blurred. Some OCR style method.
4. After this , we can insha’ALLAH start a scanning project together perhaps, to scan the few remaining books on Qur’an and Arabic Grammar and Vocabulary.
Like Lane, Howell also took more than 30 years to complete the book. And it is the Lane’s Lexicon of Grammar. 1 difference is that Howell managed to complete the book in his lifetime.
Salam,
I am going to scan all volumes so that all have same quality. Can you please list the books at least the important ones so that I can check if they already exist. I have a significant collection of classical Arabic dictionaries in text format such as Taj Al-Arus, Sihah, Misbah, Jumrah Mufradat Raghib (incomplete) and Qamoos and more. I did not know if any of these were in your list.
The first scanning I did had no blur at all any where and all the pages were straight. Even if some of them get tilted, I know how to straighten then automatically.
Thanks
I forgot to address your concern about the zoom. When the scanner scans at a higher resolution it simply slows down and increases the file size but it does not zoom into the page so the blur actually gets reduced not increased by increasing scanning resolution from 300 to 600 DPI. I also have to estimate by initial scanning at different resolutions that what will be the end file size of all 4,800 pages with 300 and 600 DPI. If 600 does cause a tremendous increase in size then I might decide to lower the resolution. It just depends the results of initial scanning.
Salam
Salam,
I found the book 3 which has pages 862-1422 in Google books and it can be easily downloaded. Now searching for Book 1.
Salam,
Alhamdu Lillah, I have found the book 1 as well. Now the 7 book collection is complete for this classic. The book one appears to be most valuable as it has detailed Preface in it. I just need to create an account on Archive.Org and upload it there using appropriate file name.
Salaam!
JazakALLAH Khayr! Excellent work brother. Masha’ALLAH!
Kindly upload the book 1 and book 3 you found from google books on archive and send link. That would be excellent insha’ALLAH! Your names should include (howell, arabic, grammar)
Since you have also ordered, I would suggest you also scan it again, but decision is yours. Like Lane’s Lexicon PDFs, you should scan each book as separate pdf so that size is reasonable and also book takes less memory. Insha’ALLAH this way each book as separate pdf method, you can have very high quality scan insha’ALLAH!
Regarding Arabic books you named, all books are already available, here are some links:
islamicbook.ws/qbook/
waqfeya.com
shamela.ws
almeshkat.net/books/index.php
Following are some books which can be scanned, if you are interested in any, name those so that I can send details.
Priority 1:
Howell Arabic Grammar
Priority 2:
Qur’an Translation and Study Juz 1, Juz 2&3, juz 4, Juz 5, Juz 30 by Jamal un Nisa Bint Rafai
Priority 3:
The Meaning of the Holy Qur’an in Today’s English – Extended Study Edition (Full Tafseer, Footnotes, Resources, More) Yahiya Emerick
Priority 4:
Access to Qur’anic Arabic by Abdul Wahid Hamid
Towards Understanding Qur’anic Arabic by Ibrahim Surty
Learning the Language of the Quran by Haq Ansari
Priority 5: (further analysis required before deciding priority 5 books) :
Grammar and Semantics in Medieval Arabic by Adrian Gully
Higher Quality Scan cases, books available but for which higher quality scan required:
A Word for Word Meaning of The Qur’an by Muhammad Mohar Ali
Some Urdu books (List can be provided if you are interested)
Salam,
After inspecting and analyzing the books further I have found that:
1. The first three books are from Google books and last four are from Archive collection.
2. The quality of Google books is far better than the ones from Archive in readability and are faster in navigation. Even the original books used by Archive is poor.
3. Book one is slightly cut on the right edge for a significant number of pages. The full sentence can still perhaps be understood but shows the negligence of person who scanned the book.
4. The overall quality of entire book is poor from the publisher which is a typical characteristic of many books published in India and Pakistan.
5. The quality of contents of book is very good but not as Lane’s. Especially in citations, tables, arrangements and organization of book and most importantly in the quality of printing (which is my main point of contention). Lane was an artist, engraver and a perfectionist so as far appearance and organization there is no comparison.
6. Since the quality of books scanned by Google appeared to be very good in the beginning, I was hoping that I would be able to save some labor but after analyzing all above, I reached to the conclusion that I would have to scan the entire book to eliminate the problems cited above.
At this point I can only hope that the quality o f the book will be good enough.
Regards
Naveed
Salaam!
Can you upload book 1 and book 3 which you found on archive or skydrive, so that I can use and for now we can link those books and later when you complete scan we can use the better quality books . I have been waiting for the pdfs ever since I saw your comments in morning.
I like archive ones more. They have uploaded both as color and black and white and scan quality is very good in archive.
Howell Arabic Grammar is not available anywhere in Pakistan, and I think Indian one is the only original publisher. Some poorly printed versions are available on amazon.
1 problem for Lane Lexicon is that he couldn’t complete the Lexicon in his lifetime, and the entries from qaaf to ya contain many brief entries. I have a solution to this problem, see my Lane’s Lexicon post. Perhaps you can make some comments and feedback there also
Salam,
Here are the links to download the books. I just dropped them in my dropbox for you to quickly download them. I have combined them in one single volume as well, if you like to download that.
Yes, the archive files appear to be better quality but they are sluggish to scroll up and down. So I have used the black and white version for the combined file. I hope that my scanned files will not look brown in color as do the Archive ones since I intent to scan then in full color. The color scan always gives full depth and a better image even if the book is black and white. Here are the links:
Book 1 is ~ 28 MB
https://dl.dropbox.com/u/14940637/Book_1_1-498.pdf
Book 3 is ~ 20 MB
https://dl.dropbox.com/u/14940637/Book_3_862-1422.pdf
Combined 7 books are ~ 193 MB
https://dl.dropbox.com/u/14940637/Mortimer.rar
I am aware of the websites you mentioned and what quality and books they have. For example any book is not available directly for download. You have to download an install their stupid application and then see those books page by page. The application allows to print a book I think but the Taj Al-Arus is not available as one single and complete file from anywhere to my knowledge. There are two versions of Taj available. One has 40 parts and the other has 26 and interesting thing is that both are incomplete and even the 40 parts are missing a significant number of pages. We will soon be loading Taj Al-Arus to Perseus Digital Library.
I have already seen your suggestion for completing the Lane’s Lexicon and I don’t think that today’s translators can do what Lane did. It needs absolute dedication and someone as perfectionist as Edward William Lane or better than him. I am sure his nephew who completed Lane was better than most translators we have in our community but he was just not a perfectionist which this work requires.
I intend to complete the Lane by myself and for that I have ambitious plans including a comprehensive collection of classical dictionaries as well as learning the best classical Arabic in the best possible way; that is through Quran itself.
Regards
Naveed
Salaam!
JazakALLAH!
Howell Arabic Grammar:
Downloaded the separate files, will insha’ALLAH download the combined volume tomorrow insha’ALLAH!
Saw book 1, it is cut off from the right side and entire words are missing from some pages, so will be needing your scan. You still have plan to scan the complete book i hope. I suggest you release 8 pdfs, 1 combined pdf and 7 separate pdfs also for 7 books.
Arabic Downloader Sites
Try 1st 2 sites, they have direct pdf links, no software. 1st one has complete book as 1 file, 2nd one has various parts.
Your PDFs for Arabic Books
I suggest you also upload all the books you have scanned on Archive also, and link all those pdfs via some website of yours. If works are rescanned in higher quality than existing, it is always welcome.
Completion of Lane’s Lexicon
Regarding Stanley Lane Pool, I respect your view, but I am not satisfied with his work. Some entries have long explanation, some medium and some very brief. e.g. see very important term yaqeen, very brief explanation, then yshm, only 1 and a quarter line for entire entry, similarly wmt etc. It appears stanley focused on Lane’s leftover notes mostly, for entries he found more leftover notes, he made the entry larger and for those with fewer or no notes he just got the job done in very brief entries, and didn’t try to complete Lane’s legacy. Just got the job done.
Regarding your plan to complete it. Very good idea, i suggest you in 1st stage only focus on roots actually used in the Qur’an and in 2nd stage touch the remaining roots. If you can mention complete plan on your site lanelexicon.com indluding books to be used, expected timelines, number of supporting translators. Once an organized project can be launched, it can be achieved insha’ALLAH!, your current age will also be an important factor insha’ALLAH! . If your plan looks more feasible, i may drop my plan and support your project insha’ALLAH!
Regarding my plan to use translators, yes quality will be lower than Lane’s but some initiative has to be taken seeing years have already passed since Lane’s death and no work started yet on completing Lane’s Lexicon.
Salam,
I already mentioned that one of the book has pages cut on a side so I have to scan the books as they arrive.
The sites you mentioned as well as all the sites derive their material from alwaraq.net and the origin as well as all sites including you mentioned if they have anything is incomplete with significant number of pages missing. The first site does not have it listed anywhere in the مكتبة علوم القران section and this is a site which appears to have a very small collection and does not have the option to search. I searched this site by browing through the two pages it has in this section and used google custom search for this site and nothing came out as a result for the search term, تاج or تاج العروس or Taj or Taj – Al Arus or Taj Al-Arus or simply Taj.
The second site in list as usual has eith the links for PDFs which are images of very poor quality or two links for the .bok from Shamela and this file cannot be opened by any thing other than Shamela’s own software which I mentioned earlier. You may want to provide the direct link in case I missed something.
I agree with you on the quality of work of Lane’s nephew but what I meant was that his Arabic was better than the translators we have, say in Pakistan.
Regards
Salaam!
Yes will be perfect insha’ALLAH to have all books scanned in same style again. Now it depends on print quality of the books you receive.
Regarding sites I mentioned, 1st one gives a very limited collection, and in it in pdfs you can also search words, type any arabic word in pdf search and it will start finding the word. 2nd one gives pdfs, though it has some link to shamela also.
To find book in waqfeya, use this method: in google search type: site:waqfeya.com العروس and you will get following relevant link on it:
waqfeya.com/book.php?bid=468
It is same 40 volume archive version.
Send links to the books you scanned so far.
Regards,
Asim
Salam,
I think that it is my failure that I have not yet been able to convey my point.
Let me clarify that:
1. I don’t have any issue finding these files but these are not much useful since either they are not searchable or if they are they are incomplete. The link that you sent was not associated with any searchable document but a PDF and the PDF was not searchable. The first site does not even have any link for Taj Al-Arus.
2. Even if there is a PDF available there is an issue with PDF that it may not be converted to text. Unicode text whether in a Text file of a MS word document is what is an ideal solution PDFs are the last resort.
3. I don’t have any scanned books except for one which s copyright protected as of now and cannot be shared. I would not scan any books which are copyright protected for public use.
4. The files I have are in pure Unicode text format and can be loaded to a site after converting those to XML or HTML. These files are much better than images or PDFs since (a) these are very easily searchable (b) these are complete and (c) these can be easily converted to XML or HTML. Note that PDFs will generate a lot of errors when attempted to convert to text. Text files allow programming and database development as well as development of mobile applications (which is the another step).
5. The purpose of scanning is just to complete the first step. Next step is to analyze this book for the quality of contents and finally it will be converted to text, Insha Allah. Finally, I intent to develop computer / mobile application with a database to search classical Arabic words, idioms and proverbs.
In summary the files I have are almost all in Unicode text just like Lane. Some need formatting. When the formatting is at least done to a basic level I will share it with everyone. I have prepared many of these files and formatted many of these so I don’t think many people have these except for those who invested their time and efforts to do so for themselves.
Regards
Salaam!
try baheth.info but it doesn’t have taaj ul ‘Uroos . And a site maajim.com contains Taaj ul ‘Uroos but is down now and its search is not very good
Anyway, keep me updated about any books you scan, and give me the site I have to track to stay updated of progress and from where I can access or download the books.
All Thanks to ALLAH , Howell Arabic Grammar Project has been Completed Successfully!
Acknowledgement :
May ALLAH Reward the person for the complete & excellent financial, physical and timely contribution towards this project. An anonymous volunteer who does not want to be named has found and shared book 1 and 3 pdfs of google format and the 2013 version has also been prepared by this anonymous volunteer.
He bought the complete set, bought a high quality scanner, unbinded the books and performed scanning for the books.
He prepared 2 formats :
OCR in which English can be searched and copied.
Snap in which text cannot be searched and copied.